본 논문은 유명 저널 Management Science의 Organization Behavior, Strategy, Performance and Design(OBSPD) 분야에 대한 리뷰 논문입니다. 리뷰는 1980~2004년까지 조직 행동론 분야에 관련된 논문들을 대상으로 이루어졌습니다.
OBSPD 분야에서 자체적으로 구분하고 있는 11개 토픽이 있으며, 또한 각각 서브 토픽이 존재합니다. 본 논문 저자는 논문들의 성격을 6개 카테고리로 구별하여 각 토픽별로 카테고리를 매칭하고 있습니다.
본 논문은 Management Science 50주년 기념 논문으로서 2004년까지만 내용을 담고 있지만, 그 동안 조직 행동론, 설계 분야의 연구문헌들에 대한 당시 동향을 참조하기에 매우 유용한 정보를 제공하고 있습니다.

논문명
Organizational Behavior, Strategy, Performance and Design in Management Science

저자
John W. Boudreau (Dept. of Management and Organization, Marchall School of Business, University of Southern Califonia)

수록저널

Management Science 2004, Vol-50

Abstract
This article provides a personal perspective on the themes and topics that have emerged in research published by the department of organizational behavior, in the first 50 years of Management Science. A review of articles accepted by the department suggests several themes that reflect broad objectives, such as “improving management science models,” or distinguishing points of view or assumptions, such as “treating organizations as decision-making entities.” The research is summarized through topics and subtopics that classify the subjects and findings of the research, identifying the relative popularity of the topics, and their contribution to each of the themes. The pattern suggests that as a “behavioral” department in a journal characterized by managerial practice, optimization, and the context of real work organizations, research is uniquely grounded in applications, solutions, and work consequences in ways that are less prevalent in typical outlets for behavioral research. The article concludes by suggesting that there are ample signs of convergence across departments in the journal. Scholars in organizational behavior increasingly recognize that the context provided by other management disciplines provides essential insights. Likewise, scholars in other management disciplines increasingly recognize the value of integrating behavioral theories and findings into their frameworks and models.

Keywords
Organization, Behavior, Strategy, Organization Design, Learning, Management Science

본 논문은 manufacturing과 business 분야의 시뮬레이션 논문들의 현황을 분석한 review paper입니다. Scopus에서 1997년부터 2006년까지 출판된 논문 20,000여 건을 검색한 후, 1,200 개의 논문을 선정하여 abstract 검토를 한 후, 최종적으로 281개의 논문에 대해 full-text reading을 통해 시뮬레이션 논문의 추세를 분석하였습니다. 본 논문에서는 모든 시뮬레이션 기법들을 대상으로 하였고 (예를 들어, System Dynamics, Monte Carlo, Petri-net 등), 그 분석 범위가 매우 넓어 (예를 들어, Assembly line balancing, Process engineering, Strategy, Supply chain management, Knowledge management 등) 시뮬레이션 연구의 현 주소를 잘 나타내고 있는 것으로 판단됩니다. 또한 시뮬레이션 적용 범위에 Strategy, Knowledge management, Organizational design , Management training and education 등을 포함한 것이 본 논문의 독특한 특징입니다.

논문명
Simulation in manufacturing and business- A review

수록저널

European Journal of Operational Research xxx (2009) xxx–xxx
SCIE, IF: 1.627, 5-year IF: 2.084

저자
Mohsen Jahangirian (a), Tillal Eldabi (b,*), Aisha Naseer (a), Lampros K. Stergioulas (a), Terry Young (a)

(a) School of Information Systems, Computing and Mathematics, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK
(b) Brunel Business School, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB8 3PH, UK

Abstract
This paper reports the results of a review of simulation applications published within peer-reviewed literature between 1997 and 2006 to provide an up-to-date picture of the role of simulation techniques within manufacturing and business. The review is characterised by three factors: wide coverage, broad scope of the simulation techniques, and a focus on real-world applications. A structured methodology was followed to narrow down the search from around 20,000 papers to 281. Results include interesting trends and patterns. For instance, although discrete event simulation is the most popular technique, it has lower stakeholder engagement than other techniques, such as system dynamics or gaming. This is highly correlated with modelling lead time and purpose. Considering application areas, modelling is mostly used in scheduling. Finally, this review shows an increasing interest in hybrid modelling as an approach to cope with complex enterprise-wide systems.

Keywords
Simulation, System dynamics, Modelling methods, Business and manufacturing

본 논문의 저자는 제품개발 프로세스가 실제 조직에서 수행될 때 개발이나 설계가 갖는 유동적인 특성을 반영하지 못한 점을 지적하며 연구 개발, 설계 등과 관련된 프로세스에 대해서는 기존의 생산/제조 프로세스와는 다르게 접근해야 한다고 강조하고 있습니다.
연구진행을 위해 저자는 제품개발/연구개발 프로세스를 하나의 복잡한 사회 체계(a complex social system)로 간주하여 제품개발/연구개발 프로세스와 조직간의 관계를 조명하고 있고, 이에 대한 이론적 배경으로써 시스템 이론(system theory, Luhmann)을 들고 있습니다.
유동적이면서 역동적으로 흘러가는 제품개발/연구개발 프로세스가 원활히 수행되기 위해서는 조직도 이에 맞게 역동적으로 팀을 구성할 수 있는 체제를 가져야 한다고 말하고 있습니다.
또한 저자는 자신의 논지를 증명하기 위해 프로세스 평가 방법을 제안하고 있습니다. Signposting기법, DSM(Design Structure Matrices) 기법 2가지를 통하여 제품개발 프로세트를 시뮬레이션함으로써 개선점을 도출하고 있습니다. 특히 저자는 시뮬레이션 결과를 판단하기 위하여 비용(money) 관점에서 바라보고 있습니다.
그러나, 논문 초반의 이론적인 배경이나 관련 연구에 비하여 저자의 입지를 지켜줄만한 연구내용이 충분하질 않고, 시뮬레이션도 과정이나 방법 하물며 결과조차도 구체적으로 나와있질 않아 전체적으로 설득력이 약한 면이 있습니다.
하지만, 기존 생산/제조 프로세스와 설계 프로세스를 구분하여 다루었고 시스템 이론을 근거로 했다는 점에서 다른 연구논문들과 차별성이 있으므로 참조할 만한 논문인 것 같습니다.

논문명
The meaning and coherence of process, organisation and product in engineering design

저자
Udo Pulm, John Clarkson (Engineering Design Centre, University of Cambridge, UK)

수록저널

Journal of Integrated Design and Process Science 2005, Vol-1

Abstract
Real design processes show a qualitative discrepancy to planned processes. There is also a large gap between processes and organisation structures. Understanding of product development as a complex social system, with a system theory background, gives insights into this issue.
It seems that communication is more important than a controlled and transparent process. A dynamic organisation with self-organising teams seems to be the more appropriate approach for process management in product development.
Communication partly takes place via money. We will discuss why money cannot be used as a measure for process quality yet, but how it could be used. The paper also gives an impression how signposting and design structure matrices (DSMs) can contribute to this approach.

Keywords
system theory, complex systems, product development, process and organisation

본 논문의 저자는 기존의 많은 연구 문헌들이 밝혔듯이 기업 조직구조에는 공식적인 조직구조 뿐만 아니라 비공식적 내부 네트워크도 공존해 있다고 보고, 이러한 특성이 조직의 수평적/수직적 구조와 어떤 관련성이 있는지를 밝혀내기 위하여 4가지 가설을 세우고 검증하고 있습니다.
이를 위하여 본 논문에서는 실존하는 2개의 기업을 대상으로 설문조사를 통한 SNA(사회연결망 분석, Social Network Analysis) 기법과 통계적인 검증을 위한 ANOVA(분산분석) 기법을 거쳐서 조직의 수평적/수직적 구조가 비공식적 내부 네트워크에 얼마나 영향을 미치는 지를 분석하고 있습다.
논문 도입부의 이론적인 배경에 비해 방법 및 과정이 상대적으로 빈약하여, 본 논문의 결과에 대해 쉽게 납득이 가지 않는 부분도 있지만, 조직구조에 대한 양면적인 관점과 이에 대한 정량적인 분석을 시도하여 공학적으로 조직구조를 분석했다는 것에서 참조할 만한 논문입니다.

논문명
Formal Structures and Informal Networks: Structural Analysis in Organizations

저자
Olaf N. Rank (Dept. of Marketing and Management, Engehaldenstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland)

수록저널

Scandinavian Journal of Management, Vol 24, Issue 2, June 2008, pp145-161

Abstract(Summary)
Adopting a network-analytical approach this study tests predictions regarding the coexistence of formal organizational structures and informal networks. Data have been collected on the cooperative relationships within the strategic decision process at the two top-management levels in two German multinational corporations. The results from applying QAP and ANOVA analytical techniques reveal-against widespread assumptions-that managers participating in strategy-making not only use informal cooperation ties in addition to their formally designed relationships, but they also disregard their formal work contacts to a surprising extent. Moreover, significant differences can be found between horizontal and vertical relationships: (1) formal horizontal ties are much more likely to be disregarded than formal vertical ties, and (2) a significantly greater number of informal ties are built and maintained in a vertical rather than a horizontal direction. The results contribute to the existing literature in this field by  offering deeper insights into the interdependencies between formal structures and informal networks.

본 논문은 프로세스 기반 조직 (Process-based Organization)에 관련하여 59개의 기존 문헌을 참고 및 정리한 후, 프로세스 조직 구조 모델에 대해 추가적으로 제시하고 있습니다. 또한 조직 구조 뿐만 아니라 프로세스에 맞추어 조정되어야 할 6가지 조직 설계 요소에 대해서도 제시하고 있습니다 (Management practice, Performance management system, Reward systems, People competencies, Career paths, Organizational culture). 본 논문은, 다소 원론적인 내용이 많지만, 기존의 연구들을 한 눈에 볼 수 있다는 점에서 참고하기에 좋은 논문인 것 같습니다.

논문명
Process-based Organization Design Model: Theoretical Review and Model Conceptualization

저자
Tomislav Hernaus (University of Zagreb, Croatia)

수록저널

University of Zagreb, Faculty of economics and business
Working paper series, Paper No. 08-06

Abstract
The complexity of today's business world is translated into complexity of the company's organization design (Galbraith, 2002). Organizations are forced to quickly adapt to emerging complexity if they want to survive. The change is addressing all areas of business, especially questioning organizational effectiveness and trying to find optimal solutions for doing business.
   In accordance with requirements, competitive trends are pushing executives to rethink traditional design configurations. Factors such as increased competition in cost, quality and service, and technical change have forced companies not only to seek out new ways of doing old tasks, but also new ways of  organizing either old or new tasks (Cross, 1990). Such focus on the flow of work within organizations, but as well as between them, is emphasizing process orientation as a new management paradigm. Inefficiencies of the two most commonly present structures – functional and divisional, in addition to emerging business trends, place the emphasis on a process-based organization as one of the possible solutions. The process-based organization is lead by the process paradigm, which is focused on the horizontal view of business activities and alignment of organizational systems towards business processes.
   Regardless of a large interest on business processes, existing organization design theory offers only general guidelines for process-based organizations or more precisely, a process-based organization design model. Consequently, the purpose of the paper is to demystify process-based organization design model. By clearly distinguishing between different levels of process orientation, and by addressing characteristics of the chosen model the paper will lead to better understanding of this way of organizing. Eventually, an operationalized
model of process-based organization is developed. Furthermore, the paper elaborates on differences between process-based and other organizational structures and philosophies (e.g. functional, product, matrix, project,
team-based).
   Besides structural elements, which will be in the primary focus, the paper will discuss the alignment of all other important organization design elements for process environment (e.g., management style, reward systems, performance metrics, people practices, organizational culture, etc.). There would be proposed necessary adjustments of organizational elements which should be aligned with the process-based structural solution. In such way, some of the blind spots of process-based organization design model would be revealed, providing practical implications for its implementation and ultimately, offering solution for rising business complexity.

본 논문은 Business Process Simulation (BPS) 기법을 전통적인 조직 설계 분야에 적용하기 위해, BPS의 이론적인 내용을 소개한 논문입니다. 1999년도에 발표된 논문이어서 다소 일반적인 내용이 많지만, BPS의 기본 적인 내용을 검토하기에는 적당할 것이라 생각이 됩니다. 특히 저자가 제시한 다양한 분석 관점과 future research 부분은 BPS 분야를 연구하시는 분들께 새로운 아이디어를 도출하는 데 도움이 될 것으로 기대됩니다.

논문명
Integrating simulation in organizational design studies

저자
George M. Giaglis, Ray J. Paul, Vlatka Hlupic (Brunel University, UK)

수록저널

International Journal of Information Management 19 (1999) 219-236
Journal Info: SSIE / IF: 1.043 / 5-year IF: 1.316

Abstract
Designing organizational structures can be a complex and demanding task, one that can be greatly assisted by the use of carefully developed models. In this paper we investigate the efficacy of business process simulation (BPS) in the context of the process paradigm of organizational design. The problem and its characteristics are presented, and BPS-specific issues and modeling considerations are discussed. Combined with generic simulation and change management theories, these issues are used to drive the development of a methodology for integrating simulation in organizational design studies. Additionally, we argue for the development of a design theory of BPS to support the establishment and proliferation of this new and exciting research field. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

많은 기업에서 ERP 등을 통해 표준 프로세스를 도입하고 있습니다. 하지만 도입한 비즈니스 프로세스가 추구하고자 하는 기업 목표에 잘 부합하는지, 어떤 프로세스와 어떤 KPI가 서로 밀접한 연관이 있는지 등을 고려하여, 기업의 전략에 적합하도록 프로세스를 개선하는 것도 중요하리라 생각이 듭니다. 해당 논문은, 비즈니스 프로세스와 KPI와의 관계를 먼저 분석함으로써 개선되어야 할 프로세스를 선택한 후, 개선된 프로세스의 성과를 시뮬레이션을 통해 분석하는 방법론을 제시하고 있습니다. 비즈니스 프로세스 개념을 도입하는 기업들은 한번쯤 이 분석 방법을 적용할 필요가 있을 것 같습니다.

논문명
Two-stage process analysis using the process-based performance measurement framework and business process simulation

저자
한관희 (경상대학교)
강진구 (경상대학교)
송민석 (아인트호벤공대)

수록저널
Expert Systems with Applications 36 (2009) 7080–7086
Journal Info: SCIE / IF: 1.177 / 5-year IF: 1.412

Abstract
Many enterprises have recently been pursuing process innovation or improvement to attain their performance goals. To align a business process with enterprise performances, this study proposes a two-stage process analysis for process (re)design that combines the process-based performance measurement framework (PPMF) and business process simulation (BPS). The two-stage analysis consists of macro and micro analyses of business processes. At the early stage of business process analysis (BPA), macro process analysis is conducted to identify the influence of a business process on a target
key performance indicator (KPI) or the contribution of a target KPI to other KPIs. If target business processes that need improvement are identified through the macro process analysis and to-be processes are newly designed, micro process analysis using simulation is conducted to predict the performance. The proposed method is validated by application to a real business process within the setting of a large Korean company.
   By using the proposed, two-stage process analysis, company staff involved in process innovation projects can determine the processes with the greatest influence on enterprise strategy, and can systematically evaluate the performance prediction of the newly designed process. - 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Workflow (Business Process), Petri net 등에 대한 기본 설명부터 프로세스 분석 기법, Workflow Management System (WfMS)의 기능 및 구조 등이 설명되어 있는 책입니다. 네델란드 아인트호벤 공대의 교수이자 BPM 분야의 대가인 Aalst가 주 저자로서, BPM에 대한 기본 내용을 공부하실 분에게 추천하는 책입니다.  

제목: Workflow Management: Models, Methods, and Systems
저자: Wil van der Aalst, Kees van Hee
출판사: MIT Press, 2004
ISBN: 0262720469, 9780262720465
분량: 384 페이지

목차
Series Foreword
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1. Organizing Workflows
2. Modeling Workflows
3. Management of Workflows
4. Analyzing Workflows
5. Functions and Architecture of Workflow Systems
6. Roadmap for Workflow System Development
7. Sagitta 2000 Case Study
Appendix A: Workflow Theory
Appendix B: Workflow Modeling Using UML
Solutions to Excecises
Glossary
Bibliography
Index

Abstract
This book offers a comprehensive introduction to workflow management, the management of business processes with information technology. By defining, analyzing, and redesigning an organization's resources and operations, workflow management systems ensure that the right information reaches the right person or computer application at the right time. The book provides a basic overview of workflow terminology and organization, as well as detailed coverage of workflow modeling with Petri nets. Because Petri nets make definitions easier to understand for nonexperts, they facilitate communication between designers and users. The book includes a chapter of case studies, review exercises, and a glossary. A special Web site developed by the authors, www.workflowcourse.com, features animation, interactive examples, lecture materials, exercises and solutions, relevant links, and other valuable resources for the classroom.

BPR, PI 등, 그 동안 비즈니스 프로세스에 대한 수많은 연구가 이루어졌으며, 회사에서도 경쟁력을 높이기 위해 비즈니스 프로세스를 정의하고 개선하려는 시도가 많아지고 있습니다. 본 논문은 서비스 산업에 종사하고 있는 25명의 비즈니스 프로세스 관련 담당자를 설문조사 함으로써 연구와 현실에서의 인식 차이를 조사하였습니다. 분석 내용은 1) 비즈니스 프로세스 기본 개념 관점, 2) 모델링과 마이닝 관점, 3) 분석 및 개선 등의 관점으로 분류되었고, 각각 문헌 조사와 설문조사 내용으로 정리되어 있습니다. 본 논문은 이론과 현실의 차이를 분석한 좋은 내용이지만, 서비스 산업의 특성을 감안해야 할 것으로 보입니다. 또한 25명이라는 샘플 숫자가 조금 아쉬움으로 남습니다.

논문명
Business process perspectives: Theoretical developments vs. real-world practice

저자
K. Vergidis*, C.J. Turner, A. Tiwari (Decision Engineering Centre, School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, UK)

수록저널
International Journal of Production Economics (SCIE / IF: 0.995 / 5-Year IF: 1.490)

Abstract
Business processes have been discussed for more than a decade now. However, there are not as of yet comprehensive and substantial benefits that can justify the hype around the concept. This paper contrasts and summarises the main findings of literature research and a targeted survey conducted within the service industry in order to investigate the current state of research and practice regarding key aspects of business processes. The survey involved the participation of 25 respondents working in service industry sectors such as finance, public sector and consultancy. The paper demonstrates that although theoretical developments are dealing with sophisticated issues around business processes, the service industry is reluctant to adopt a similar perspective and still uses simple and manual techniques in dealing with business processes. The main reason is that the service industry is not convinced that a business process approach could bring significant tangible and measurable benefits. This is due to the fact that there is no comprehensive and systematic solution proposed in terms of a fully functional business process software suite. The requirements for an integrated business process management tool include some of the paper’s findings. 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.